With the diversity of goods and services needed by the human,
it has become difficult for him to producing all his needs by himself, hence
the process of specialization, within the group humanity itself, was the
beginning of the division of labor in human populations, in the framework of
the same society, allowing them to producing all they need goods and services.
As this was the beginning of a new phase, in the exercise of trade, where he
became an individual produces a particular commodity, in the field of
specialization, and the amount in excess of need and commute surplus of them,
including needs of goods and services produced by others, according to their
specialization. Marxists believe that the exchange is based on the value
Alastamalah swap, the value of the bounties of reciprocity. Valenjar not need
all the doors that Aanottagha his work as a carpenter, but he needed to
bounties and goods of another kind, namely, that the doors which are made do
not represent for him the value of Astamalah, but exchange value, while they
represent a value Astamalah, when other or other parties Kfilah sponsor or
others, so people are looking for values Alastamalah of things and Apadlunha
values of reciprocity for the things that they produce their own.
In Islamic thought, maybe do not find this specifically
detailed to the previous example, but you will find within the colleges in
general, belong to the natures of human beings, and what God created him from
the differences and diversity, divine goal of this diversity and differences
between humans (in Islamic thought) is to push people to deal with each , need
human beings to each other, and thus their dealings with each other and engaged
people before (says God in the Koran, "We have created you into nations
and tribes so") and spread peace among them, because they need each other,
and need to exchange and peaceful coexistence, Faam peace between people and
groups of human , which requires each of them to the other, even if, God
willing, for their creation are alike and create each person's needs, and make
it the indispensable than others of human beings, even if this happened to
developed nations, and Tareft, where there is no need for long or dealing or
exchange of goods and products. Says Adam Smith (Give me what I need from you,
and I'll give you what you need from me), this is the essence of the subject,
and the fact that the reconstruction of the Earth as seen by Islam and is
consistent of course with human nature, and all the thinkers in the world. Go
back to what we started, talk about the evolution that has occurred in the
human population, and the accompanying development of production in quantity
and quality of goods, which has led to the need to devise a more sophisticated
system, to swap to keep up with this significant expansion in production.
The stabilization phase in human populations homogeneous, and
the relationship of the human resources of the surrounding environment, has led
to increased disciplines among members of these communities, and began to use
them automatically, for some types of goods as a mediator in the swap
operations, to accommodate their needs as noted previously. It was a condition
of intermediate goods to be a commodity utility, for all members of the same
group, or a number of specialized groups, at least. Mentioned above are
numerous examples of these intermediate goods or standard used by groups of
different human, such as wheat among the Egyptians, Shells with groups that
live in coastal areas, fur and leather in cold regions, and many others a lot
of goods, which were used as commodities and intermediate or as money
commodity, is sold out production of any other commodity with the aim of buying
them, again goods new, the human need, rather than the old method of bartering.
But it seems that the money commodity or standard, also did not tack able to
meet the needs of communities constantly evolving, began the human search for a
replacement last record, has the characteristics of the best, and free from
defects intermediate goods current so that the commodity perennial, to Ataatlv
quickly with storage or transport, do not lose value because of trading, and to
be a commodity, indivisible, with units homogeneous, for Attzm scarcity is
difficult to obtain, nor of abundance excessive hurting production value, and that
value is fixed and does not change from period to period, and are desirable
from everyone so that they become a repository of wealth and purchasing power
absolute at any time can be used to buy other products, etc. .. .
Probably feels narrative Rapid theme, a kind of acceleration
in the evolution of money, and its appearance in the hands of the people, but
the fact that what we have in a few lines, tells the suffering and the struggle
of man for thousands of years, how many thousand years were required rights for
up to image the finest of money? I've been human lives alone does not deal or
exchange produced with others for a long time, stretching for hundreds of
years, and then lived longer on the barter system for hundreds of years again,
and then hundreds of years lived used the item and produced his own hands as a
kind of money standard, and so under the human thought For thousands of years,
is busy searching for a broker of exchange, to avoid it all the negatives that
have been used where goods in exchange process, or what is called before
barter, both in the first phase, when it is the exchange of goods against each
other, without distinction of goods used in the exchange, or in The second
phase of the commodity exchange, a kind of trade-off, too, but different
commodities or commodity standard. Given the disadvantages that accompanied the
use of commodities as an intermediary for the exchange, and its inability to
keep pace with the evolution of human life, that there were many communities
and increased production for the needs, and has been looking for the same from
the store that value productivity, and the diverse communities as a whole, need
to be given commodity received general acceptance, to be used as a mediator in
facilitate the process of the swap, the guided rights to precious metals such
as gold, silver and copper, and it was used as an intermediary for the exchange
of acceptable and impressive and satisfactory for all human groups, and spread
to deal with a long period of time in the form of ingots Oqta specie, and was
dealing are based on weight.
But there was a new problem also, or a new challenge to the
human thinker, not all people are experts in the yellow metal "gold",
or other metals, has led the different types of these metals, and the different
value and the difficulty of estimating it from the masses of people, to the
emergence of a new challenge because of manipulation elements in the components
of each metal, especially gold, which has been frequently cheated, lack of
knowledge of all the people went to the original material, and standards of
purity and weight was tempted manipulators fraud in it, to outwit the ordinary.
After that received those metals confidence and acceptance to everyone, and in
the framework of a social system more organized, in terms of social, political
and economic, it was imperative for the ruling authorities in every human
society, region or state, to intervene to protect citizens and to prevent
abuses, fraud and manipulation of their wealth, here we are talking for the
last decade before only several centuries.
After the stability of societies and organization, Ksultat
General is sponsoring the interests of citizens, intervened that authority in
regulating the use of precious metals, to prevent tampering and fraud, became a
power in society or the state, are responsible for the formation of these
precious metals and issued in the form of coins for cash, each with its own
weight and standard known to all Stamped upon by those authorities, and became
the coins can be counted after it is used by weight, for example, a number of
silver coins with a weight equivalent to a certain number of gold coins by
weight and a specific standard, and has gained confidence in the monetary
system of the metal everyone to deal with it. Although the economic system has
achieved stable under a system of coins, and traded in a wide range, including
trade exchange between the communities of loosely coupled, but the economic
development of successive showed some difficulties in the trading system
Balmeskukat cash, due to the expansion of trade and transactions between
traders of different peoples and geographically dispersed, there are dealers in
Europe want to import goods from China, India and Africa, and there is great
difficulty and many dangers in the carry and transfer large amounts of money to
buy those goods, difficulties in pregnancy and the transfer of those funds
enormous cash from one country to another by road or sea, and the fear of lost
or stolen on the way, this as well as the coins Precious become a great
economic power of the state owning them, strength of nations economically
become measured, including state-owned precious metals "Gone, for
example," Vantahjt States to policy collect larger amounts possible of
gold and precious metals, and is keen to Aktnazha without graduating, but avoid
it guided a lot of traders in the development of what they own coins for cash
in private homes, they were called houses of money, which has the support of
confidence and good reputation and protection, or when Suyyagh and gold
traders, and they get in return instruments, to prove their ownership of the
deposits of minerals, and this point began the process of replacing paper or
instrument or bond replace gold or expressed in or installed ownership.
Little by little, became trade depends on those instruments,
bonds function on gold ownership, or bank notes, the mouthpiece of gold or
situation misplaced, or what you want from the descriptions of the situation,
replaced those papers gold shop in the conclusion of business deals, where the
debtor party to sign the instrument, confirming the assignment of the content
value of the creditor, and have the creditor has the right to receive an amount
of the instrument when it is submitted to the house of money or one of its
branches, and these instruments has been resolved the confusion that existed to
take coins Precious intermediary direct swap, and began gold coins disappear to
be replaced by Papers by function or expressive about. However, this new medium
or instruments are not considered money per se, but rather plays a
parliamentary expressing coins gold real stored in the house of money, and
became known as paper money MP and Tdarj acceptance in circulation without
reference to, the issued to repay in cash from the cash balance metal, which
was covering the value of all instruments traded banknotes.
Because of what I have received this modern way of confident
individuals, in the issued and their ability to meet or worth paying for, and
due to the characteristic of these instruments to facilitate the process of
exchange and trade, has increased its use extensively, and led to the
establishment of banks or financial houses or banks by issuing large amounts of
banknotes or banknotes, which exceeds the value of cash balances actual their
existing (gold coins), which led to their occurrence later in the crisis of
bankruptcy, when you can not exchange all submit to the instruments currencies
gold, not able to cover all Makedm of the banknotes, banknote or to pay the
corresponding metal gold coins. And that almost lead to the collapse of the
good relationship between the owners of houses and money deposits, and the
establishment of a real economic crisis because of it. Was the intervention of
the state in that period may limit from falling into crisis, and governments
are watching the operations of the issuance of those instruments, or banknotes
or banknotes, and supervision on by Bank specialist belonging to the state
called the parent bank or the central bank or bank banks, adding to his
reputation of prestige State, which has increased the confidence of individuals
and acceptability of banknotes issued by those central banks or monetary
institutions for the country.
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