And
how the situation was before the existence of money in human life?
Before
the advent of money, there was no way for the exchange of goods or services is
the same goods, people were exchanging goods with goods, without a broker, by
contrast, has arisen the need for people, groups and human exchange, due to the
availability of a commodity for some people and their need for another
commodity, etc., and is worth mentioning that prior to the emergence of such
exchanges, the human populations, living on what their reasons for living,
working as much as enough of living, which relied mostly on what they can catch
to feed their nutritional needs. So we have seen that Narj quickly, on the
subject of barter or exchange first, to have an input assistant, to understand
the process of the emergence of money.
Barter and exchange
Simply
boils down to the principle of reciprocity in giving something for nothing
else, it may be equivalent or equal or even non-equivalent to him, he is
permission giving and taking, or give and take (the principle of give and take
or give and take), and there is no exchange of tender only, or taking only this
is not exchanged, or Valtbura giveaway is not exchanged, but bid only from one
side, or the opposite Kalokhz only by looting or robbery or theft, it is taken
only by force or fraud and is not exchanged, Stealing and looting are not
exchanged They took only. Here lies one of the most important facts or the
essence or the secrets of the universe, created by God Almighty, and the
creation of a human in order to Aamrh, Dealing principle (give and take) discloses
peace between people and communities, as opposed to the principle of looting
and theft (Hat only), and here we find that it sits the principle of looting
(in terms of Hat only) with begging (Hat only), with the difference in the
development of Muti in both cases, Valmattiy in a robbery by force and gives
despite his nose or a result of negligence of it, but in a begging Muti gives
his consent. So do not upright life nor social peace prevail among the people
and peace between countries, but through the principle of give and take
together, through the presence of a healthy communication channels (give and
take), do not take alone, nor the tender alone build healthy communities.
Exchange
process is purely humanitarian, says Adam Smith in this regard ((We've never
seen two dogs were negotiating in order to share a piece of bone, we have not
seen an animal that never sat interviewing another animal like him, trying to
Avhamh by voice, or body movements, say to him, that's me I am, and that you
are you, or I'll give you a financial return for to give me you're the owner ..
Give me you do not need much from you, and I'll give you what I need from me,
this way is to get the bulk of the services beneficial and necessary between
people)), and extracted Adam Smith of the , that the process of exchange that
you need, of course, to reflect and account for the amounts and types, is a
purely humanitarian operation, where animals can not be carried out. See
sociologists, that the exchange is one of the causes of the formation of social
structures, resulting from the attraction, ecstatic parties, one to the other,
because one of them has what it wants the other party, and vice versa, and
dissolves this attraction and go away, after the completion or completion of
the exchange process, unless There was a new exchange, arises again and so on.
It is in my opinion is not much different with the Marxist view of the
exchange, except in words only, Marx says that (the exchange is based on, swap
value Alastamalah value exchange for bounties, for example, carpenter, he does
not need all of those doors that are made by his work, but is in need of
bounties and other goods of another kind, namely that the doors which are made,
does not represent the value Astamalah for him, but it represents the value of
Astamalah when others), so people are looking for value Alastamalah of things,
and Apadlunha values of reciprocity for the things that they produce.
Here
we have mentioned the word production .. Before the exchange, it was not for
the production of great importance, man toil to find enough money for himself
and enough, but with the evolution of human group, and its production, which
overflowed its need, emerged the idea of swapping the surplus production for
need, producing another with other people, is for those other surplus , but it
is desirable for the first group, and so on .. So the primary motivation and
perhaps only behind the swap operation between human beings is the difference
in production, from a human to another, or from one person to another, says Ibn
Khaldun (Arab-Muslim world, the founder of sociology), agreed that with
Aristotle, he says (to the capacity of human beings of different , and
different circumstances, do not allow for people to get all their needs, equally,
hence the need to swap, swap what I have what you have .. swap what I own I,
nor do I need, including owned by you, and do not need, but I need much I,
while You need what I own and I am so ..
It
is the wisdom of God, the Almighty, the slaves, that made them different, to
complement each other .. To know each other .. To deal .. PEOPLE to the ground,
and they Khalifa Almighty God, as he said in the Koran (I will create in the
ground Khalifa) (verse .... Surat ....), as well as said in the Koran (I have created
you into nations and tribes so) (verse. Surat .... ...), man since the
beginning of life on Earth, needs to his fellow man, because of the difference
between humans Each abilities, says the Muslim prophet Muhammad (r), ((all the
same mockery of what created him)), The capabilities of different people , and
different circumstances, do not allow them access to all their needs easily
equal, The production of goods and services, or provided unevenly among all
human beings. It is easier to peasant agricultural production, but need tools
made by the manufacturer, (this is a simple example to bring meaning only).
That every human being has his own abilities, and circumstances surrounding,
which allows him to produce, and then owning commodities, or certain services
and not others, opted to swap it with others, they have their own production,
which are characterized by, and so on countries and groups of people, even the
Chinese who invaded their products world markets , east and west, north and
south, are in need of the items, not available to them, to understand, for
example, of the world's most importers of Iranian oil (a recent example for
illustration only).
All
of the above exchange, is like the idea of a social General, on the subject
of human social exchange as a necessity, and did not publish it to the subject
of barter, which first appeared on earth pictures of economic exchange, (note
that the whole of our conversation focused on the economic outlook, only
without entering in details or social phenomena other, such as the exchange of
knowledge and cultures, or human relations other, such as marriage, our subject
the economy only, so it should be noted), maybe we were able to address the
issue of exchange, this is a separate and detailed in another angle, because of
its great importance, it is worth studying patiently and depth, for being one
of the main reasons for the achievement of the divine will, in the
reconstruction of the earth acquainted, and mutual affection, and compassion,
and to live in peace, if every human group, sought to swap of its bounties,
with groups of other human, correctly, and mutually satisfactory, without
conflict or fight, does not sell arms markets, and continues to wars between
nations, but the devil's death spread trade, around the world, to cast every
day by the thousands to hell. The ultimate goal of the exchange between people,
or between people is dating, and mutual love, cooperation, and peace, and this
is the will of God, his creation as mentioned in many verses in the Koran, but
some people, seeking in the ground spoilers, Mtntaan, arrogant, in order to get
what others have, unrequited forcibly and negatively and prey, such as the
invasion state to another state in order to rob its resources, and its
annexation to the bounties of gaseous state, without the face of the right,
which is the work of demonic, not pleasing to God at all, and no matter how
successful these attempts, the Almighty God for these proud lookout, and Serém
and their pal in the world, or delay it for them in the afterlife, Vinalon who
deserve torment in hell, God forbid. It is noteworthy that the Islamic vision
corresponds with the vision of all philosophers and thinkers around the world,
ancient and modern, says Montesquieu (The impact of the natural trade is to
reach peace, "peace", Vomtan negotiating with each other, are two
nations linked by the bond of mutual), ie they two nations, their business
relationships, and links, peace and love, and this is what God intended for us
as human beings, and we reached him His Messenger Muhammad peace be upon him,
through many of the hadith, the verses in the Koran.
We
return to our topic about barter, it is historically known, that the system of
trade in the elementary stages, was based on barter or swap, and when you say
swap best that Nrdv after the word commodity, because the swap as a concept is
still the same, since the beginning of creation, albeit for different images
The shapes and ways, generally swap or barter, commodity swap means other
commodity. Where the members of the tribe, or village, they meet in a
particular place they call the market, was employed to fish replaces what has,
of furs and skins and meat, including when employed in agriculture, wheat and
firewood, and other than the earth grows. Even before the invention of the
market (we'll come to later on the subject of extensive market study, the
origins and evolution until today), it was individuals bartering what they
have, including with relatives and loved ones in their surroundings family, or
geographical around them. We have suffered our ancestors frequently, from a
barter system, Vusbandthm many difficulties, which we mention, for example, but
not limited to, the difficulty of achieving consensus dual between the wishes
of the customer, I am fishing, I have skins and furs and meat, more than I
need, and I go to the market to Ibadelha by wheat and barley , but the man who
does not want him wheat meat or leather or fur, but wants Tamra Oasla for
example, what I am maker, as I have, and what makes this guy? Looking each of
us for a third party, probably wants to swap dates with meat or leather, after
a long search, I found the right person, I looked for the man who has wheat,
and wants to substitute his Tamra, and I found it has been replaced by his
goods and departed from the market, so I went back looking again who wants
flesh and Geloda by wheat and furs, and so were the problems with barter
grandparents, incompatibility problems in the desires or needs of dealers.
Problems
barter too, was difficult to estimate the proportions of barter, this man has a
wheat wants to replace it with a sheep, and when they met and the joy of the
proximity of a deal barter or exchange between them, entered into a new
problem, which is how compatibility on a scale fair, determine on the basis of
the proportion of a tradeoff between wheat and sheep, the problem here is how
much is equal to the head of the flock of attorneys wheat? We must find a
standard unit, attributed to units of commodities, so we know how much is equal
to the head of the flock of attorneys wheat, have you seen how suffering of our
ancestors, for centuries in their lives, they are suffering a lot, Beksna we
are today, what you're doing now and you are at home and on the your bed, with
your hand and cup of tea and a mouse Alcolmpiotrtnkz by the icon to add a
commodity to Your Shopping Cart in a second or perhaps part of a second? It
takes long days of our ancestors, and a long search for another swap their
wares, and perhaps spoiled goods before they find the bartered with them.
Let's
take an illustrative example, suppose (presumably arguably impractical) to
simplify all, that the market there are four commodities only, are wheat and
sheep, dates and chicken, then we Kmtaaji in the market, that we estimate
ratios of the swap, we must appreciate how much is equal to the head of sheep
for wheat, How much is equal to the pass, and how much is equal for chicken, as
well as wheat for the pass, and wheat for chicken, and also the dates for the
chicken, look at the following equation, which estimates the number of ratios
barter for goods only four.
Number
ratios barter = number of items × (number of items -1) and divide by 2
Number
ratios barter = 4 × (4-1) \ 2 = 6
So
only four commodities market entailed, and there are six of swap ratios, let
alone if the commodity market fifty different? How much would we have ratios of
barter? Almighty calculate it according to the previous equation:
Number
of barter ratios = 50 × (50 - 1) \ 2 = 1225
Any
of our thousand two hundred and twenty-five different swap ratio, any suffering
of those? .. Process very stiff, so the thought of our ancestors in the
agreement on a scale fair, and acceptable to all dealers in the market,
attributed to the values of various commodities, Ivaqgua, for example, to
make the measure is wheat (This is an example approximate no more) and be
pleased with all the dealers in the market this measure and made that a bushel
wheat equivalent of a chicken or two, for example, and the head of the sheep is
equal to ten pints of wheat, bushels of dates worth Mkialin of wheat, and the
head of the cow is equal to fifty Macaiala of wheat, as well as the head of a
camel, and so forth, then head Alghatam equal to five hens, and five pints of
dates etc. .. So here is a measure of a bushel of wheat .. The measure of wheat
was employed by the ancient Egyptians and Indians used tobacco, and the Greeks
used the cattle, and so on ..
Practical difficulties of barter Also,
the inability of some of the goods for the retailer, for example, if you went
to the market to trade off what you have, and the sheep want to Tqaeidah five
pints of wheat, but did not find a man in the market has only three pints what
do you do? The sheep's head can not be separated or divided, will accept this
small amount of wheat or What do you do? The same example can possibly be
reversed, and so on .. Those were the grandparents difficulties in exercising
their economic and trade, must be played now and pray to God and thank Him that
you did not realize that time and now lives in a large well-being.
As
we have seen before, it has emerged the money commodity as a result of many of
the difficulties, in the process of barter terms of inequality of goods, and
the incompatibility of their respective owners and the inability of some of the
division like cattle (we'll come to mention it in detail in subsequent
portions), the people sought refuge in intermediate goods, to be used as a
measure in the value of other commodities, and Ye him to be attributed to each
of various commodities other, so that it is acceptable to all dealers in the
market, has been used by human some types of animals as commodities and
intermediate like he did the Greeks, or wheat, as did the Egyptians, and use
the Redskins tobacco as money commodity Kiesseh, and the Chinese have used knives
and tools, and so on for each human group we drive commodity own, has been
named this intermediate goods goods in cash or cash commodity, and using these
commodities monetary medium of exchange turned-commerce system based on barter,
commodity commodity again, gradually turning to the system exchange is based on
the use of money middleware, which are still good also, but a commodity
standard, agreed between the dealers, and became swap operation passes two
stages, selling solo what I have of a commodity or commodities, and then buy
the single other commodity I want her by commodity monetary standard
intermediate, obtained by from the sale of what I had of the goods. It has the
cattle in Egypt, for example, was sold or replaces it with cash commodity (wheat)
and then this money commodity (wheat) or part of the purchase or honey or
Tamara Zeta, or any other goods he wants and so on.
Evolved
conditions of the people and groups of people, over the centuries, and the
changed conditions little by little, and it is difficult for people to use
wheat, cattle and others, commodities as money came in precious metals such as
gold and silver, to replace them and become a medium of exchange, store of
wheat, cattle and other commodities, due in choice of precious metals for the
exchange of cash, in preference to other other commodities, is the enjoyment of
qualities are important, are not available in the other, of which the most
important rarity in gold and silver elements which are rare in the earth, that
is lacking, such as iron, for example, and this is the most important feature
of these two elements, then the rigidity and lack of usability of destruction
with time, money, which makes them easy to make it homogeneous and indivisible,
easy to carry and store, but most important of all, they enjoy relative
scarcity.
If
we look at the disadvantages and difficulties of barter, from the
incompatibility of desires among the people, the inability of most of the goods
for the retailer, and a large number of prices for each commodity (lack of
scale), and the fact that the barter system does not allow Pachtzan values, and
the inability of most of the goods for storage, pay people to Find Alternative,
which treats them with such defects. Not above all, she was the motivation for
the creation of money, but the movement of communities and increase production
to flooding of the need for people, then pushed them to find a way to save this
surplus production, way easier and more secure it from corruption, or loss was
precious metals, is the most appropriate alternative for it.
*******
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